This article is part five of a five-part series on engine construction. This part covers piston pin engineering, ring material science, bearing systems, harmonic dampening, and valve train dynamics including…

This article is part four of a five-part series on engine construction. This part covers piston ring sealing and gap management, including how rings maintain outward tension, the critical clearances…

This article is part three of a five-part series on engine construction. This part covers the piston's role in reciprocating energy conversion, piston materials including cast iron, cast aluminum, and…

This article is part two of a five-part series on engine construction. This part covers the cylinder as a pressure vessel, the material compatibility limits of aluminum blocks, the difference…

This article is part one of a five-part series on engine construction. This part covers the engine block, including its role as the foundation of the engine, how it manages…

AXLE RETENTION, CARRIER CONFIGURATIONS, AND DRIVELINE FUNDAMENTALS This is the fifth and final part of a five-part series on axles and drives theory. This section covers axle retention and differential…

DIFFERENTIALS, IRS, AND RWD DRIVELINE ARCHITECTURE The following is part four of a five part series on axles & drives theory. This section covers differential dynamics and rear axle assemblies,…

FWD AXLES, PLUNGE JOINTS, AND CV JOINT GEOMETRY The following is part three of a five part series on axles & drives theory.This section covers front-wheel drive (FWD) axle architecture…

WHY UNIVERSAL JOINTS VIBRATE AND HOW CV JOINTS SOLVE THE PROBLEM The following is part two of a five part series on axles & drives theory. This section covers velocity…

This is the second and final part of a two-part series on 4WD & transfer case system theory. What separates a reliable 4WD system from one that fails at the…