This is the first part of a 4-part series on engine cycle theory and classification. Part 1 covers the basic operating cycles of four-stroke and two-stroke engines, including their mechanical…

This is a 4-part series. Part 4 covers how magnetism is created at the atomic level, how it generates electricity through induction, and how semiconductors like diodes and transistors control…

This is a 4-part series. Part 3 covers how circuits are arranged in series, parallel, and series-parallel configurations, along with how voltage drops across loads and how the vehicle's chassis…

This is a 4-part series. Part 2 covers how voltage pushes current through a circuit, how resistance opposes that flow, and how to use diagnostic tools to measure these electrical…

Atomic Structure and Electron Flow The operation of all electrical equipment is predicated on the movement of electrons between atoms. Matter consists of atoms comprised of three subatomic particles. Protons…

This article is part of a 6-part series on engine lubrication systems. Part 6 covers how hydraulic lifters use oil pressure to maintain zero valve lash, how oil filters trap…

This article is part of a 6-part series on engine lubrication systems. Part 5 covers vane-type and dual-rotor pump designs, the critical clearances that affect pump output, how the relief…

This article is part of a 6-part series on engine lubrication systems. Part 4 covers how oil pumps create flow and pressure, the different pump designs including gear, rotary, internal…

This article is part of a 6-part series on engine lubrication systems. Part 3 explains how the hydrodynamic wedge lifts a rotating shaft off its bearings, the three basic ways…

This article is part of a 6-part series on engine lubrication systems. Part 2 covers how the API classifies oils for gasoline and diesel engines, the standard cross-reference table, and…